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Researchers use gel electrophoresis technique to separate DNA fragments according to size.

What is the most appropriate direction of DNA migration in this technique?

bottom to top of the gel

negative to positive electrodes

large pores to small pores

positive to negative electrodes

small pores to large pores

Typical genes contain stretches of 500-1500 base pairs long with a GC content >55% that are normally found at promoters of genes and contain the 5′ end of the transcript. What is the single best term to describe this sequence?

The heterochromatin

The CpG island

The exon

The transcription site

The intron

7 years old boy complaining of some neurological problem. Mother was advised to do some gene studies .Sonic Hedgehog is a signaling protein which when secreted by the notochord stimulates the neural tube to form which type of cells?

motor neurons

meninges

interneurones

sensory neurons

glial cells

A 34 male patient has suffered a traumatic injury to the perineum, potentially involving the spongy part of the urethra. In which region the urine has to leaked or extravasated?

ischiorectal fossa

perineal membrane

superficial perineal pouch

deep perineal pouch

urinary bladder

A 45-year-old male patient requires a surgical procedure in the ischiorectal fossa to drain an abscess. During the surgery, which structure should you stay away from to avoid injury of pudendal nerve and vessels?

base of the fossa

medial wall of the fossa

anterior wall of the fossa

posterior wall of the fossa

lateral wall of the fossa

A 52-year-old woman is scheduled for a hysterectomy and oophorectomy due to persistent ovarian cysts and heavy bleeding. During the surgery, the surgeon carefully identifies and ligates, the uterine and ovarian vessels. These vessels can be found in which ligaments ?

Broad and suspensory

Broad and ovarian

Round and ovarian

Round and suspensory

Suspensory and ovarian

Autosomal recessive

X-linked Dominant

X-linked Recessive

Mitochondrial

Autosomal dominant

A 40 year old patient is diagnosed to have a malignant melanoma. The doctor discussed with him the immune-therapy targeting the CTLA-4 checkpoint. Which of the following best describes the mechanisms of action of CTLA-4?

PD-2 and PDL-2

PD-1 and PDL-1

Signal 1 and co-stimulation

Competition and inhibition

Activation and proliferation