(b) Estimate the monetary values ($) of total fuel cost savings

(private benefits)

for freight operators over 5 years.

Select the correct statement(s). Please note that marks will be deducted for wrong selections.

The NSW Government is

considering offering subsidies to freight operators to transition from

diesel-powered light rigid trucks (LRTs) to battery electric trucks (BETs) for

urban delivery. Each diesel LRT has an average fuel consumption of

• Diesel cost: $1.60/L
• Electricity cost: $0.25/kWh
• Social cost of carbon:

  $45/tonne

  CO

  ₂e
• Discount rate: 4%
• Each truck travels

  35,000 km

  annually

  , and 2,000 trucks are to be upgraded
• Evaluation period: 5 years

(a) Calculate the monetary value ($) of social benefits (total GHG emissions avoided)

over 5 years

from replacing diesel LRTs with BETs.

This quiz aims to

develop your analytical thinking and data-driven analysis skills in the context

of transport and environmental systems. You will work with real-world data from

the heavy vehicle sector in Australia to estimate total CO₂ emissions. Please download the Excel File of Quiz 4-Week 10 on Moodle.

You are provided with

several datasets related to

• Table 1

  :

  Number of vehicles and average vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) for LCVs

• Table 2

  :

  Share of petrol vs diesel engines in the LCV fleet

• Table 3

  :

  Distribution of LCVs by age and corresponding Euro emission standards

• Table 4

  :

  CO₂

  emission factors (g/km) by vehicle type and Euro standard

• Table 5

  :

  Total annual fuel consumption (megalitres) for petrol and diesel LCVs

Q1. Using Tables 1–4, estimate the total NOx pollutants (in tonnes

), and

incorporate:

• The distribution of engine

  types (Table 2)

• The Euro standard mix (Table 3)
• Emission factors (Table 4)

Q2.

Using Table 5 of the Excel file and the fuel emission conversion rates below,

calculate the

• Petrol: 1 litre → 2.3 kg CO₂
• Diesel: 1 litre → 2.7 kg CO₂

Question 1: Traffic Flow Theory (20 points)

A survey team collected traffic data between two points of a highway, XX and YY, 450m apart. Observations at XX show that five vehicles passed that location at intervals of 3, 4, 3, and 5 sec, respectively. The speeds of the vehicles at point XX were 84, 72, 63, 56.2, and 52 km/h respectively. Assume that the vehicles maintain these speeds whilst approaching YY.

Please provide the following information (Provide 2dp);

a. (5 points) Fill in the distance values in the schematic below showing the locations of the five vehicles 20 sec after the first vehicle passed location XX. (Note: the distances are not drawn to scale

b. (4 points) Calculate the time mean speed.

c. (4 points) Calculate the space mean speed.

d. (4 points) Calculate the density between XX and YY on the highway using the fundamental traffic equation.

 e. (3 points) Determine the space (time) mean speed using the empirical relationship: v_t=0.966v_s+3.541. Compare your answer with that obtained in part (c) and quantify the differences. Is it significant?

(You need not enter the answers in the box provided below)

Which of the following situation(s) depict the case of a collision?