Using public key cryptography, X adds a digital signature σ to message M, encrypts, and sends it to Y, where it is decrypted. Which of the following sequences of keys is used for the operations? 

Suppose that everyone in a group of N people wants to communicate secretly with N-1 others using symmetric key cryptographic system. The communication between any two persons should not be decoded by the others in the group. The number of keys required in the system as a whole to satisfy the confidentiality requirement is 

In RSA Cryptosystem, a participant A uses two prime numbers p=13 and q=17 to generate her public and private keys. If the public key of A is 35, then the private key of A is ____________

Consider the EC, y^2=x^3+2x+4 over finite field F(13).  The sum (10,6) + (9,6) is  

The original Diffie - Hellman key exchange protocol is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attack because

The discrete logarithm of 28 to the base 2 modulo 53 is  

Which of the following are true statements about SHA-1 hash?

A and B perform Diffie - Hellman key exchange using p=53 and g=2. If A chooses her secret =10 and B chooses his secret =33, then the common secret they agree upon is ___________

Aksh Ranjan's Birthday attack can be prevented by---