7 ms and 12 ms

15 ms and 8 ms

10 ms and 7 ms

12 ms and 5 ms

Layer N

Layer 1

User layer

Layer 0

The system remains in user mode

The application is permanently terminated

The system switches to kernel mode to provide the service

The application directly executes the privileged instruction

Designing computer hardware

Writing application programs

Managing system resources

Translating high-level programs

the timer will go off and will cause an interrupt to the operating system. A context switch will be executed, and the process will be put at the head of the ready queue, The CPU scheduler will then select the next process in the ready queue

the process itself will not release the CPU voluntarily. The scheduler will then proceed to the next process in the ready queue

The timer will go off and will cause an interrupt to the operating system. A context switch will be executed, and the process will be put at the tail of the ready queue, The CPU scheduler will then select the next process in the ready queue

the process itself will release the CPU voluntarily. The scheduler will then proceed to the next process in the ready queue

wait()

kill()

fork()

exec()

Daemon thread

Orphan process

Zombie process

Kernel process

First Come First Serve

Non-preemptive Shortest Job First

Round Robin with Quantum value two

Shortest Remaining Time

4

3

2

5

4.33 ms

6.33

7.33

5.0 ms