Cannot be punished by law 

Is written in the Constitution

Is enforced by the police 

Requires a license

Cooperation is impossible

Conflicts exist only when communication is cut off 

Individuals have similar ambitions 

Conflict arises when both parties want the same outcome that cannot coexist 

Cultural and spiritual

Moral and social

Political and economic

Legal and moral 

Customs 

Family elders 

Through courts 

Churches 

Communication breaks down completely

Mutual understanding is restored

Violence peaks and relationships deteriorate

 Negotiation begins

C. J Nziramasanga 

Joshua Nkomo

Robert Mugabe 

Morgan Tsvangirai

Pre-conflict → Confrontation → Crisis → Outcome → Post-conflict 

Pre-crisis → Violence → Mediation → Settlement

Latent → Post-conflict → Escalation → Confrontation → Crisis

Confrontation → Post-conflict → Escalation → Crisis → Settlement

Right to choose friends 

 Right to vote 

Right to worship

 Right to gossip

Symbiotic

Hostile 

Competitive

Temporary 

Structural inequalities within institutions

Political polarization 

Confused or false expectations, especially around unmet emotional needs

Miscommunication between rivals