Different types of interventions and treatments are most effective for treating substance-use disorders. However, most alcohol and drug treatment programmes have two phases which are (a) - - - - - in the first phase and (b) - - - - - in the second phase of intervention.

According to the psychodynamic explanation of Alcohol Use Disorder, during times of stress or when confronted with situations reminiscent of early conflicts, alcohol use is viewed as primarily:

Sandile sought treatment as he was remarkably distressed and suicidal during a robbery six months ago. He witnessed his wife being raped and shot on their farm. For the past three months, Sandile, now a widower, finds himself having flashbacks of that night and reports feeling on edge at the slightest noise and being unable to sleep properly. He also finds that he avoids the room in which the shooting happened (he locked it the day after the police removed his wife’s body), and he has been absent from work on most days. Sandile reports feeling emotionally numb but, when prompted, admits he wishes he had been assaulted and shot instead. He feels guilty for not stopping the ringleader at the farm gate, whom he had found suspicious. He sits on his porch and has neglected the harvest. Sandile is not abusing any substances and barely eats. Before the traumatic event, Sandile was regarded by his employees and friends as healthy and full of life. Which of the following DSM-5 TR diagnoses would the psychologist diagnose?

Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder differ with regard to the following:

According to the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder, symptoms must be drawn from five major symptom clusters. Which of the following is not one of these clusters?

Within the African perspective, disorders are categorised into two broad realms, each of which is believed to be underpinned by specific causal factors. The two broad categories are     - - - - -

Cindy-Lee shows a longstanding, inflexible and pervasive pattern of restraint in intimate relationships for fear of being shamed. She is preoccupied with being rejected, views herself as inferior to others and is socially inhibited due to feelings of inadequacy. Cindy-Lee is likely to meet the criteria for which one of the following DSM-5-TR disorders

Mr Jones, a clinical psychologist, says that abnormal behaviour can only be identified and understood if the individual’s cultural context is considered. Mr Jansen, a clinical psychologist, says: Abnormal behaviour is consistent across different cultures and as such, uniform treatment can be applied to all individuals irrespective of their racial and cultural background. Mr Jones adopts a - - - - - approach to abnormal behaviour, whereas Mr Jansen adopts a/an - - - - - approach to abnormal behaviour.”

Which of the following factors would be considered by a cognitive behaviourist when explaining panic disorder?

i) A family history of panic disorder

ii) Low levels of serotonin

iii) Unpleasant bodily sensations

iv) The client’s gender

v) Stress experienced during childhood years

vi) Catastrophic thoughts

vii) Classical conditioning process

The recovery movement holds that individuals with mental illness can recover and lead satisfying and meaningful lives despite the limitations caused by the illness. Which of the following assumptions is/are not applicable to the recovery model?