Declarative question

Polar interrogative clause

Exclamatory clause

Bare imperative clause

They are treated as labels that depend on the specific sentence pattern being used.

They are only used to describe individual, isolated words.

They are completely banned and replaced by mathematical formulas

They are seen as mechanical slots that have absolutely no connection to meaning.

Complex-transitive sentences feature an underlying 'be' relationship between the object and its complement (He is helpful).

Complex-transitive sentences can be omitted from the text without changing the core meaning.

Ditransitive sentences are absent in formal written English.

Ditransitive sentences require an obligatory adverbial of place.

Give me it.

Give it to me.

To me give it.

Give to me it.

and, or, nor

because, since, although

yet, still, nevertheless, however

so, for, therefore

A sentence containing multiple phrases of secondary predication with non-finite verb forms.

A sentence containing two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.

A sentence that contains one or more subordinate clauses functioning as elements of the main clause.

A sentence that lacks a primary matrix clause or central predication center.

Predicativity

Surface structure 

Deep structure 

 Intonation

Collecting rare stamps takes a lot of patience.

He leaned far out of the window and saw the light.

The problem is that we have no money.

How the thief escaped remains a mystery.

It follows the strict, regular rules of standard English grammar.

The phrase itself carries a unique meaning of surprise or disbelief that you cannot guess just from the individual words.

It is considered completely ungrammatical and is never used by native speakers.

It can only be used in formal, academic writing.