Which part of the sentence refers to words with zero connections that reference the sentence as a whole?

According to the Longman Grammar (Biber et al., 1999) structural classification, the sentence "Although nervous, she gave a great speech" is an example of a:

In the sentence "At midnight, he arrived at the station," what communicative purpose does fronting the adverbial phrase serve?

Which of the following sentences explicitly demonstrates Deontic (Intrinsic) Modality, where a rule, requirement, or social authority is being expressed?

Which type of verb complementation pattern is illustrated by the sentence "He gave me his number"?

Unlike Ukrainian, where adverbial modifiers can be flexibly placed anywhere, what is the standard, most common position for an adverbial modifier of place in an English sentence?

According to Quirk et al.’s classification, which subordinator can be omitted in informal contexts when introducing a nominal object clause? 

What structural term describes subjects like "it" or "there" that fill a necessary subject slot but contain no semantic content?

What is the fundamental grammatical trick used to distinguish an Adverbial Clause of Place from an Attributive (Relative) Clause?

Consider the following utterance from a swimming instructor to a learner: "You shouldn't be looking at me Joseph, you should be looking out of the window." How is the modal verb should functionally interpreted here as a speech act?