Geophysical methods: Newer techniques for assessing hydraulic conductivity.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which measures water molecule relaxation times to obtain information about pore size distribution and hydraulic              conductivity.

Acoustic or optic televiewer (ATV; OTV), which provides high-resolution images of ground surface to identify fractures and bedding planes in borehole.

Ground penetrating radar (GPR), which uses radar pulses to image subsurface layers.