Smart-city platforms require field-level millisecond response times and no available cloud infrastructure is capable of meeting that latency requirement.

Several organizations with different data formats, privacy rules, and commercial incentives were involved at once, and governance agreement has not been reached.

The hub-and-spoke architecture commonly used in smart cities is technically inferior to a fully centralized design and should never have been selected.

BACnet, Modbus, and KNX are incompatible at the protocol level and cannot be bridged across a city-scale platform under any technical conditions.