Urbanization replaces

natural permeable surfaces with impervious cover, which reduces infiltration

and groundwater recharge

In urban areas,

precipitation volumes are significantly lower than in nearby rural areas due to

the heat island effect repelling rain clouds

The water cycle remains

unchanged because stormwater pipe networks perfectly replicate the natural

drainage function of streams and wetlands

Urbanization increases

transpiration rates because buildings and roads absorb more solar radiation

than forests

Urbanization increases groundwater recharge because paved

surfaces direct water efficiently into the soil.