Given that hardware and software equipment are provided by competing computer manufacturers, standardization has become essential in networks.

CIDR (Dynamic Network IP Configuration) allows equipment to retrieve its IP address dynamically following the connection request.

The IP adresse "0.0.0.0" can be affected to one computer in LAN network

The 'ping' command is based on the exchange of "ARP" messages between the source and the destination of type (echo request) and (echo replay)