there is considerable debate within psychology as to whether memories are lost through inefficient encoding or inefficient retrieval. Additionally, research indicates an age-related decline in both encoding and retrieval processes.

research indicates no age-related decline in encoding and retrieval processes.

evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that older adults process information in same way as younger adults do due to changes in neural networking.

research does not indicate an age-related decline in both encoding and retrieval processes.