Consumption: Consumers purchase and use products. Products are usually designed to last only a certain amount of time and can be difficult to repair.

Raw material extraction: This model aims to obtain as many raw materials as possible from nature and use them in the manufacture of products.

Production: Manufactured products are brought to market and sold to consumers. The production process often aims to maximize profits and efficiency without much consideration for the end of the product's life cycle.

Disposal: When a product is unusable or unnecessary, it often ends up in a landfill or is incinerated, causing environmental damage and waste.

Recycling and reuse: Emphasis is placed on recycling materials and reusing products. This may include, for example, dismantling old products and reusing their parts in new products.

Waste reduction: the primary aim is to minimize waste and reduce environmental impact. This is achieved, among other things, by extending the life cycle of products and making efficient use of materials.

Service-based business: Support business models that offer services instead of products. For example, car rental services can reduce the need to own a car and thus reduce the production of new cars.