A country's constitution says that civil servants are hired by open competition, but in practice most jobs go to relatives and friends of officials. What does this example show?

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Answer

The country has a ceremonial president

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Formal institutions always work exactly as they are written

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The principle of merit is fully respected in this country

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Informal institutions such as patronage networks can decide how formal rules work in practice

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The country has an uncodified constitution

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A country's constitution says that civil servants are hired by open competition,...

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