3. Almost all sports and outdoor leisure activities carry real risks.  Swimmers are drowned, mountaineers fall, skiers are swept away by avalanches, and boxers are killed by a series of blows to the head.  A person´s skill or experience is no guarantee against disaster.  In fact, the better an athlete is, the greater the desire to break records or succeed in doing something that has never been done before.  The danger, which tests nerve, courage, and skill, is an essential element that adds thrill and enjoyment to the sport.  Although those who organize sports draw up their rules in a way to minimize the risk of injury and to ensure that medical assistance is readily available, no amount of caution can alter basic facts: that even the best-trained horse may panic; motorcycles give little protection in a crash; a hard-driven golf ball can go awry.

 According to the passage, all of the following are risks in sports EXCEPT