You have recently read a paper that claimed that depression leads to social isolation. You know this is based on correlation evidence and try to explain to your friend that this finding is not valid because:

Question

Answer

it is likely to be due to reverse causality, where social isolation leads to depression

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the direction of the correlation cannot be identified, so you cannot conclude depression causes social isolation.

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there is an operational confound as depression and isolation are the same construct

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there may be a relationship between these constructs but they must co-vary to support a causal claim

Crowdly

You have recently read a paper that claimed that depression leads to social isol...

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