A very formal note addressed by the representatives of several states to a government in regard to some matter in which they have been instructed to make a joint representation.

A form of written communication that as a rule are sent separately yet almost simultaneously by the government of one state to the governments of two or more states, or by the governments of two or more states to the government of one or more states

A form of written communication that is not signed by the representatives of the sending states.

A written form of communication that is widely

used because of the danger that the signing states may seem as ganging up.