The hydraulic

gradient (i) is calculated as the difference in hydraulic head (h1 -h2) divided

by the horizontal distance (L) between two points.

Water can flow from

high to low energy through interconnected voids.

The constant head

permeability method is commonly used to find soils with high liquid discharge

capacity.

When a fluid flows

through a soil medium, it only has pressure and elevation heads.

The roughness of

soil minerals can change the soil's hydraulic conductivity.