about 1 % of GNI, therefore financing of increased defense spending and green transition depends on the fiscal capacity of the member states and on the ability to redirect private investment into green technologies.

about 10% of the GNI of the Union, and one half is spent on common agricultural policy, defense and security, and climate transition.

about 3 % of the GNI of the Union. It is planned to increase this share to 5 % due to a necessity to cope with the current challenges (security, climate).