How Heatwaves Become More Dangerous in Cities

A heatwave is a prolonged period of unusually high temperatures that can affect human health,

infrastructure, and natural ecosystems. Although heatwaves can occur in both rural and urban

areas, their effects are often more severe in cities. This happens because several environmental

and human factors interact to increase and retain heat.

One important factor is the concentration of heat-absorbing materials. Urban areas contain large

amounts of concrete, asphalt, and other hard surfaces. During the day, these materials absorb solar

energy and gradually release it after sunset. As a result, buildings, roads, and pavements can remain

warm long after the air temperature begins to decline. This contributes to the urban heat island

effect, in which cities become significantly warmer than surrounding areas.

The lack of vegetation can make the situation worse. Trees and other plants provide shade and

release water vapor through a process called evapotranspiration. This process consumes energy

and helps cool the surrounding environment. When vegetation is replaced by buildings and paved

surfaces, cities lose an important natural cooling mechanism.

Human activities can add even more heat. Vehicles, industrials equipment, and air-conditioning

systems release waste heat into the environment. During an extreme heat event, the increased use

of air conditioners may provide indoor relief but

Urban design can also influence how effectively heat escapes. Closely spaces buildings may

restrict air movement, allowing warm air to remain trapped between structures. Consequently,

some densely developed neighborhoods may experience higher temperatures than areas with more

open spaces and vegetation.

For these reasons, the severity of an urban heatwave is not determined by temperature alone.

Building materials, vegetation, human activity, and urban design can all influence how much heat

is absorbed, produced, and retained. Understanding these processes can help cities develop

strategies such as expanding green spaces, planting trees, improving building design, and creating

cooler public areas.

What is the main purpose of the text?

Should School Uniforms be Mandatory?

Whether students should be required to wear school uniforms remains a subject of debate.

Supporters argue that uniforms create equality and strengthen students’ sense of belonging, while

opponents believe that mandatory uniforms can restrict individual expression and create

unnecessary expenses. Therefore, schools need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages

before establishing a uniform policy.

On the one hand, school uniforms can reduce visible differences between students. When everyone

wears similar clothing, students may be less likely to judge one another based on fashion, brands,

or economic background. Uniforms can also create a stronger sense of school identity. Wearing

the same clothing may encourage students to feel that they are part of a shared community rather

than individuals with completely separate identities. In addition, uniforms can make it easier for

school staff to identify students during school activities or when they are outside the classroom.

However, requiring uniforms may limit students’ opportunities to express their personalities

through clothing. Adolescents often use appearance as one way of exploring their identity, and

strict clothing regulations may make some students feel that their individuality is being

unnecessarily restricted. Another concern is cost. Although uniforms are intended to simplify

clothing choices, purchasing several sets of special clothing can be expensive, particularly for

families with more than one school-aged child.

A possible solution is to maintain a basic dress code while allowing students some flexibility.

Schools could require certain standards of neatness and appropriateness without demanding

exactly the same clothing from everyone. Such a policy could preserve order and school identity

while giving students limited opportunities for personal expression.

Ultimately, the decision should depend on the school’s circumstances and priorities. Rather than

treating uniforms as automatically beneficial or harmful, schools should consider equality,

affordability, and students’ need for reasonable self-expression.

The statement “uniforms are intended to simplify clothing choices” implies that uniforms are expected to …..

Що потрібно зробити після завершення редагування штату, щоби зміни набули чинності?

Should School Uniforms be Mandatory?

Whether students should be required to wear school uniforms remains a subject of debate.

Supporters argue that uniforms create equality and strengthen students’ sense of belonging, while

opponents believe that mandatory uniforms can restrict individual expression and create

unnecessary expenses. Therefore, schools need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages

before establishing a uniform policy.

On the one hand, school uniforms can reduce visible differences between students. When everyone

wears similar clothing, students may be less likely to judge one another based on fashion, brands,

or economic background. Uniforms can also create a stronger sense of school identity. Wearing

the same clothing may encourage students to feel that they are part of a shared community rather

than individuals with completely separate identities. In addition, uniforms can make it easier for

school staff to identify students during school activities or when they are outside the classroom.

However, requiring uniforms may limit students’ opportunities to express their personalities

through clothing. Adolescents often use appearance as one way of exploring their identity, and

strict clothing regulations may make some students feel that their individuality is being

unnecessarily restricted. Another concern is cost. Although uniforms are intended to simplify

clothing choices, purchasing several sets of special clothing can be expensive, particularly for

families with more than one school-aged child.

A possible solution is to maintain a basic dress code while allowing students some flexibility.

Schools could require certain standards of neatness and appropriateness without demanding

exactly the same clothing from everyone. Such a policy could preserve order and school identity

while giving students limited opportunities for personal expression.

Ultimately, the decision should depend on the school’s circumstances and priorities. Rather than

treating uniforms as automatically beneficial or harmful, schools should consider equality,

affordability, and students’ need for reasonable self-expression.

According to the text, how can school uniforms potentially promote equality?

Should School Uniforms be Mandatory?

Whether students should be required to wear school uniforms remains a subject of debate.

Supporters argue that uniforms create equality and strengthen students’ sense of belonging, while

opponents believe that mandatory uniforms can restrict individual expression and create

unnecessary expenses. Therefore, schools need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages

before establishing a uniform policy.

On the one hand, school uniforms can reduce visible differences between students. When everyone

wears similar clothing, students may be less likely to judge one another based on fashion, brands,

or economic background. Uniforms can also create a stronger sense of school identity. Wearing

the same clothing may encourage students to feel that they are part of a shared community rather

than individuals with completely separate identities. In addition, uniforms can make it easier for

school staff to identify students during school activities or when they are outside the classroom.

However, requiring uniforms may limit students’ opportunities to express their personalities

through clothing. Adolescents often use appearance as one way of exploring their identity, and

strict clothing regulations may make some students feel that their individuality is being

unnecessarily restricted. Another concern is cost. Although uniforms are intended to simplify

clothing choices, purchasing several sets of special clothing can be expensive, particularly for

families with more than one school-aged child.

A possible solution is to maintain a basic dress code while allowing students some flexibility.

Schools could require certain standards of neatness and appropriateness without demanding

exactly the same clothing from everyone. Such a policy could preserve order and school identity

while giving students limited opportunities for personal expression.

Ultimately, the decision should depend on the school’s circumstances and priorities. Rather than

treating uniforms as automatically beneficial or harmful, schools should consider equality,

affordability, and students’ need for reasonable self-expression.

What is the main issue discussed in the text?

Should School Uniforms be Mandatory?

Whether students should be required to wear school uniforms remains a subject of debate.

Supporters argue that uniforms create equality and strengthen students’ sense of belonging, while

opponents believe that mandatory uniforms can restrict individual expression and create

unnecessary expenses. Therefore, schools need to consider both the advantages and disadvantages

before establishing a uniform policy.

On the one hand, school uniforms can reduce visible differences between students. When everyone

wears similar clothing, students may be less likely to judge one another based on fashion, brands,

or economic background. Uniforms can also create a stronger sense of school identity. Wearing

the same clothing may encourage students to feel that they are part of a shared community rather

than individuals with completely separate identities. In addition, uniforms can make it easier for

school staff to identify students during school activities or when they are outside the classroom.

However, requiring uniforms may limit students’ opportunities to express their personalities

through clothing. Adolescents often use appearance as one way of exploring their identity, and

strict clothing regulations may make some students feel that their individuality is being

unnecessarily restricted. Another concern is cost. Although uniforms are intended to simplify

clothing choices, purchasing several sets of special clothing can be expensive, particularly for

families with more than one school-aged child.

A possible solution is to maintain a basic dress code while allowing students some flexibility.

Schools could require certain standards of neatness and appropriateness without demanding

exactly the same clothing from everyone. Such a policy could preserve order and school identity

while giving students limited opportunities for personal expression.

Ultimately, the decision should depend on the school’s circumstances and priorities. Rather than

treating uniforms as automatically beneficial or harmful, schools should consider equality,

affordability, and students’ need for reasonable self-expression.

Which statements best represent the possible compromise proposed in the text?

How to deliver an Effective Presentation

Giving an effective presentation is not simply a matter of speaking in front of an audience. A

successful presentation requires careful preparation, clear organization, and the ability to respond

to the audience’s reactions. The following steps can help you deliver a presentation that is both

informative and engaging.

Step 1: Define Your Main Objective

Before preparing your slides, determine what you want the audience to understand or remember.

Having one clear objective will prevent your presentation from becoming overloaded with

unnecessary information.

Step 2: Know your Audience

Consider who will listen to your presentation. Their age, background knowledge, interests, and

expectations should influence the vocabulary, examples, and level of explanation you use.

Step 3: Organize your Ideas

Arrange your material into three main parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Begin by

introducing the topic and explaining why it matters. Then, present your main points in a logical

sequence. Finally, summarize the most important ideas and provide a clear closing statement.

Step 4: Design Simple Visuals

Use slides to support your explanation rather than replace it. Avoid filling slides with long

paragraphs. Instead, use keywords, diagrams, charts, or relevant images that help the audience

understand your message.

Step 5: Rehearse Strategically

Practice your presentation several times, but do not memorize every sentence. Focus on

understanding the sequences of ideas. Time yourself and identify sections that sound unclear or

unnecessarily long.

Step 6: Engage with the Audience

During the presentation, maintain appropriate eye contact, vary your tone of voice, and pay

attention to audience reactions. If they appear confused, clarify your explanation before moving

on.

Which of the following actions BEST demonstrates the principle presented in step 4, “Design Simple Visual’?

How to deliver an Effective Presentation

Giving an effective presentation is not simply a matter of speaking in front of an audience. A

successful presentation requires careful preparation, clear organization, and the ability to respond

to the audience’s reactions. The following steps can help you deliver a presentation that is both

informative and engaging.

Step 1: Define Your Main Objective

Before preparing your slides, determine what you want the audience to understand or remember.

Having one clear objective will prevent your presentation from becoming overloaded with

unnecessary information.

Step 2: Know your Audience

Consider who will listen to your presentation. Their age, background knowledge, interests, and

expectations should influence the vocabulary, examples, and level of explanation you use.

Step 3: Organize your Ideas

Arrange your material into three main parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Begin by

introducing the topic and explaining why it matters. Then, present your main points in a logical

sequence. Finally, summarize the most important ideas and provide a clear closing statement.

Step 4: Design Simple Visuals

Use slides to support your explanation rather than replace it. Avoid filling slides with long

paragraphs. Instead, use keywords, diagrams, charts, or relevant images that help the audience

understand your message.

Step 5: Rehearse Strategically

Practice your presentation several times, but do not memorize every sentence. Focus on

understanding the sequences of ideas. Time yourself and identify sections that sound unclear or

unnecessarily long.

Step 6: Engage with the Audience

During the presentation, maintain appropriate eye contact, vary your tone of voice, and pay

attention to audience reactions. If they appear confused, clarify your explanation before moving

on.

A student is preparing a presentation for an audience whose background knowledge is very limited. Based on the text, what would be the MOST appropriate strategy?

How to deliver an Effective Presentation

Giving an effective presentation is not simply a matter of speaking in front of an audience. A

successful presentation requires careful preparation, clear organization, and the ability to respond

to the audience’s reactions. The following steps can help you deliver a presentation that is both

informative and engaging.

Step 1: Define Your Main Objective

Before preparing your slides, determine what you want the audience to understand or remember.

Having one clear objective will prevent your presentation from becoming overloaded with

unnecessary information.

Step 2: Know your Audience

Consider who will listen to your presentation. Their age, background knowledge, interests, and

expectations should influence the vocabulary, examples, and level of explanation you use.

Step 3: Organize your Ideas

Arrange your material into three main parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Begin by

introducing the topic and explaining why it matters. Then, present your main points in a logical

sequence. Finally, summarize the most important ideas and provide a clear closing statement.

Step 4: Design Simple Visuals

Use slides to support your explanation rather than replace it. Avoid filling slides with long

paragraphs. Instead, use keywords, diagrams, charts, or relevant images that help the audience

understand your message.

Step 5: Rehearse Strategically

Practice your presentation several times, but do not memorize every sentence. Focus on

understanding the sequences of ideas. Time yourself and identify sections that sound unclear or

unnecessarily long.

Step 6: Engage with the Audience

During the presentation, maintain appropriate eye contact, vary your tone of voice, and pay

attention to audience reactions. If they appear confused, clarify your explanation before moving

on.

Based on the text, why is defining the main objective considered an important first step in preparing a presentation?

The Day the River Changed Its Course

Last August, I joined a three-day environmental expedition organized by my university to

investigate the condition of a river that supplied water to several villages in Central Java. Although

I had participated in similar activities before, this expedition turned out to be considerably more

challenging than I had anticipated.

On the first morning, our team walked nearly eight kilometers through a forested area before

reaching the upper section of the river. The water there was surprisingly clear, but several fallen

trees had altered its natural flow. Our guide explained that a landslide months earlier had blocked

part of the original channel, forcing the river to find an alternative route. We initially considered

the appeared stable.

However, our assumption was challenged the following day. After heavy rain fell throughout the

night, the temporary channel expanded rapidly. By noon, water had begun flowing toward a small

settlement that had never experienced flooding before. Rather than immediately attempting to

redirect the river, our team contacted local residents and examined the surrounding terrain. We

discovered that several natural drainage paths had already been obstructed by agricultural waste.

On the final day, we worked with villagers to clear the blocked drainage channels. The work was

exhausting, and progress was slower than expected. Nevertheless, by late afternoon, the water level

had begun to decrease.

Looking back, the expedition taught me that environmental problems rarely have simple causes.

What initially appeared to be a natural event had been

Choose true statement(s) that supported the text!