A Staphylococcus aureus strain is identified as VISA.

Which of the following is a likely mechanism underlying the VISA phenotype?

What would be the reason for choosing to treat an infection with both avibactam and amoxycillin?

Which of the following chemical features would suggest a useful antibiotic with broad spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that often causes infections in patients in the intensive care unit. An ICU patient was diagnosed with a ventilator-associated Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Initial susceptibility analysis indicated that minimum inhibitory concentrations for various antibiotics were; amoxycillin MIC >256 μg/mL, ampicillin plus clavulanic acid MIC > 256 μg/mL, imipenem MIC <0.5 μg/mL, tigecycline MIC 10 μg/mL, amikacin MIC > 64 μg/mL and colistin MIC < 0.5 μg/mL.

Initial treatment failed and upon rechecking the MIC analyses, the isolated strain showed an MIC for colistin of 64 μg/mL. The pmrA, pmrB and pmrC genes were sequenced in both the colistin-sensitive parent and also in the newly colistin-resistant strain. This analysis identified a mutation in pmrB that would result in an amino acid change in PmrB compared to the sensitive parent.

What do you predict the role of this mutation is in the observed colistin resistance?

A Gram-negative bacterial population of 10⁸ colony forming units (CFU) was treated with a high concentration of a carbapenem antibiotic. To determine the number of surviving cells at particular times, culture samples were plated on antibiotic-free medium and the number of viable cells determined. After 2 hours the number of viable cells was 10⁴ CFU. After 4 hours the number of surviving cells was 8 x 10³ CFU and after 10 hours there was 5 x 10³ CFU.

What would be a good option for eradication of this surviving population?

Which of the below is NOT part of how Sarah Dietrich described generalists?

Below is a graphic showing student opinions about vaping at Gettysburg College in Pennsylvania in the US. What could affect the senders' decisions when preparing the poster?

(Select all that apply).

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Below is a poster to communicate electrical safety to children. If this was displayed in a primary school classroom, what could create noise in the communication process? (Select all that apply).

Note that some of the answers below could also be considered under other parts of the model. Select all answers which you think could relate to noise in the process.

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Below is a poster to communicate electrical safety to children. If this was placed in a primary school classroom, how would context affect a reader's interpretation of the information?

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