Using a hash-based file organization

Increasing disk cache size

Using a smaller page size to reduce memory footprint

 Prefetching and read-ahead strategies

USB 3.0

SATA

NVMe PCIe

SAS

The page ID of the next block

 Actual tuple data

Number of total pages in the file

Record offsets within the page

9

8

7

6

 Reduced disk seek time

 Optimized analytical query performance

Better support for ACID transactions

Faster transactional updates

4

3

2

5

 Reduced disk seek time

 Optimized analytical query performance

Better support for ACID transactions

Faster transactional updates

Heap files

B+ trees

Log-structured storage

Slotted-page format