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Granulocytes
during their differentiation, specific granules are formed, the presence of which allows us to distinguish the type of granulocyte formed in the myelocytes (neutrophilic, basophilic, eosinophilic).
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are characterized by a spherical, unsegmented nucleus (called mononuclears).
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arise from precursor cells, myeloblasts.
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are exemplified by monocytes and NK cells (natural killer cells).
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A low hematocrit may be caused by
excessive production of erythropoietin.
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prolonged occult bleeding, e.g. in the intestine.
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sudden and rapid blood loss.
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dehydration of the body.
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Normocyte
still has a nucleus, which is ejected from the cell in the next stage of development.
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continues to develop into a reticulocyte, of which there are normally only a limited number in circulation (1-2% of erythrocytes).
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circulates in the blood and normally penetrates the blood vessel wall into the connective tissue of most organs, where it carries oxygen directly to the cells.
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is an erythrocyte with a diameter of approximately 7.2-7.5 µm.
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the peripheral blood
are non-nucleated and have no rough endoplasmic reticulum, which allows them to survive for hours or days at most.
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transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, both bound to haemoglobin.
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their small fraction (up to 10% of erythrocytes), which still has nuclei, are called reticulocytes.
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thanks to their flexible membrane cytoskeleton, they can deform reversibly and thus penetrate even small capillaries.
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Of all the white blood cells in the peripheral blood, in a healthy person they usually form
20 - 30% lymphocytes.
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65 - 75% neutrophils.
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2 - 5% eosinophils.
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4 - 8% monocytes.
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Granules of basophils contain mainly
von Willebrand factor.
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heparin.
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histamine.
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eosinophil cationic protein (ECP).
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Megakaryocyte
gives rise mainly to erythrocytes.
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develops from the megakaryoblast.
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gives rise to platelets.
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is usually about 100 µm in size.
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Hematopoiesis hepatolienal takes place
in the embryo only up to the 8th week of development.
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prenatally, it is replaced by medullary hematopoiesis towards the end of the 3rd trimester.
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only in lower mammals, but not in humans.
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under physiological conditions to a considerable extent even in adulthood.
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Erythropoiesis
the result is a non-nucleated erythrocyte with a lifespan of 100-120 days.
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the reticulocyte, after extrusion of the nucleus, gives rise to the first non-nucleated stage, called the normocyte.
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first, an orthochromatic erythroblast is formed, which changes into a basophilic erythroblast by the formation of hemoglobin.
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is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is mainly produced by the cells of the kidney.
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Monocytes
after migrating to the tissues, they become macrophages.
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contain histamine and heparin in granules.
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usually circulate in the peripheral circulation for about 3 days.
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normally make up about 40% of all white blood cells in the peripheral circulation in a healthy person.
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