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The statement 'This medication worked for 3 friends of mine, so it must have a positive effect' mainly illustrates: (Select all that apply.)
A sound falsification test
❌
A valid application of modus tollens
❌
Drawing a strong conclusion from a tiny, biased sample (anecdotal/confirmatory reasoning)
✅
A correctly powered statistical test
❌
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Regarding objectivity in science, the presentation argues that what is realistically attainable is: (Select all that apply.)
Certainty through verification
❌
Pure subjectivity
❌
Full objectivity in data, analysis, and interpretation
❌
Intersubjectivity
✅
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A key critique of Popper's falsificationism is that many scientific theories: (Select all that apply.)
Can neither be verified nor falsified with certainty (e.g. statistical tests rely on power)
✅
Cannot be formulated as hypotheses
❌
Can be verified with certainty but not falsified
❌
Are always falsifiable with certainty
❌
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According to the presentation, a theory is only scientific if: (Select all that apply.)
It has been verified many times
❌
It is purely mathematical
❌
Most scientists agree with it
❌
It can, in principle, be proven wrong
✅
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For a hypothesis over parts ('20% of swans are black') when only a fraction is checked, it is: (Select all that apply.)
Both verifiable and falsifiable with certainty
❌
Neither verifiable nor falsifiable with certainty (one might use a statistical test)
✅
Only falsifiable
❌
Only verifiable
❌
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For an EXISTENTIAL hypothesis ('A black swan exists') when only a small fraction of cases is checked, it is: (Select all that apply.)
Both verifiable and falsifiable
❌
Only falsifiable
❌
Neither verifiable nor falsifiable
❌
Only verifiable
✅
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For a UNIVERSAL hypothesis ('All swans are white') when only a small fraction of cases is checked, it is: (Select all that apply.)
Both verifiable and falsifiable
❌
Only falsifiable
✅
Neither verifiable nor falsifiable
❌
Only verifiable
❌
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Which slogan(s) capture Popper's falsificationism? (Select all that apply.)
The simplest explanation is the best
❌
Look for all the white swans
❌
Don't look for all the white swans, try to find a single black swan
✅
The more I look, the more evidence there is
❌
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Popper's falsificationism advises that, to gain confidence in a theory, you should: (Select all that apply.)
Check whether most scientists agree with it
❌
Try to disprove it; the more challenging attempts fail, the more certain you can be
✅
Collect as much confirming data as possible
❌
Ensure it is mathematically provable
❌
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Abduction (seeking the simplest, most likely explanation) is most closely related to which principle? (Select all that apply.)
Modus tollens
❌
Bayes' theorem
❌
Gödel's incompleteness
❌
Occam's razor
✅
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