It denies employees a chance to practise organisational strategies.

It fails to provide the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest.

It determines which individuals participate in which decision-making processes, and to what extent their views shape the organisational culture.

It excludes some employees from daily organisational activities.

concerned with the near future: therefore, medium- and short-term planning

the management level that includes the CEO

often the management level which lacks promotions 

responsible for daily activities and subsections of the organisation