Blade Nzimande

Dr Naledi Pandor

Ronald Lamola

Gayton McKenzie

soft diplomacy

moral politics

idealism

power politics

Minister of Defence

President

Speaker of the National Assembly

Chief Justice

International opposition to its system of racial discrimination.

Its lack of diplomatic missions abroad.

Its refusal to join the United Nations.

Its decision to end all international trade.

Electoral reform

1.     Building the economy and creating jobs.

1.     Building a better Africa and a better world.

1.     Combating crime and corruption.

It sought Western support by emphasising anti-communism, but Western governments’ approaches to apartheid differed and changed over time.

Western states had no economic or diplomatic relations with South Africa.

South Africa was formally part of the Soviet bloc.

Every Western government supported apartheid throughout the period without criticism.

1.     political parties, government institutions, departmental institutions and administrative institutions.

1.     parliamentary committees, the Constitution, political parties and social movements.

1.     departmental policy, social movements, political parties and the Constitution.

1.     administrative policy, local government committees, national departments and political parties.