Stored program concept

RISC architecture

Large scale electronic digital computing

It was the first mechanical calculator

It was the first programmable, general purpose computer

It used electricity instead of mechanical gears

Cache memory

Random access memory

General-purpose registers

A=0xFF, C=0, OV=0 (80H+7FH=FFH: no unsigned overflow so C=0, signed result -128+127=-1 is valid so OV=0)

A=0x7F, C=1, OV=1 (both unsigned and signed overflow occurred)

A=0xFE, C=0, OV=0 (simple addition without overflow)

A=0xFF, C=1, OV=0 (result fits but carry indicates 9-bit sum)

0xFF, by inverting all bits through the XOR operation

0x00, because XOR of any value with itself always produces zero (AAH XOR AAH = 00H)

0xAA, because XOR preserves the original value when applied to itself

0x55, because XOR produces the complement of the operand

A=0x2C, B=0x01, OV=0 (correct multiplication with no overflow)

A=0x2C, B=0x01, OV=1 (3CH×05H=12CH: low byte 2CH→A, high byte 01H→B, result>255 so OV=1)

A=0x01, B=0x2C, OV=1 (bytes reversed with overflow indication)

A=0x012C stored as 16-bit value, B=0x05 unchanged, OV=0

A=0x00, C=0 (both addition and rotation clear all values)

A=0x02, C=0 (RLC shifts the result left by one bit position)

A=0x00, C=1 (addition produces zero with carry, RLC doesn't change the value)

A=0x01, C=0 (FFH+01H=00H with C=1, then RLC shifts: 0000 0000 with C=1 → 0000 0001, C=0)

0x05, because SWAP has no effect after the masking operation

0x50, because ANL extracts lower nibble (55H AND 0FH = 05H), then SWAP moves it to upper nibble (05H → 50H)

0xA5, by inverting the bits during the swap operation

0x50, because SWAP multiplies the value by 16 in hex notation

A=0xF0, C=1 (10H - 20H = -10H in signed, wraps to F0H in unsigned with borrow indicated by C=1)

A=0xF0, C=0 (correct subtraction result with no borrow needed)

A=0x10, C=0 (subtraction cannot proceed because minuend < subtrahend)

A=0xE0, C=1 (two's complement result with borrow indication)

0x0084 with C=0 (simple shift with no overflow)

0x8042 with C=0 (unchanged because RLC preserves the value)

0x0084 with C=1 (shifted left once: 1000 0000 0100 0010 → 0000 0000 1000 0100, bit 15 went to carry)

0x1084 with C=0 (complete 17-bit result stored in 16 bits)