which city has a larger population: Johannesburg or Durban.

which mathematical product is greater: 12×3×4×5×6 or 6×5×4×3×2×1.

which event is more likely: that ‘100 people are killed in a bus accident’ or that ‘100 people are killed in a bus accident in KwaZulu-Natal’.

which cause of death is more common: being attacked by a wild animal, or heart disease.

linguistic intelligence.

spatial intelligence.

intrapersonal intelligence.

bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence.

Employers can use any test of mental ability with prospective employees as long as the test has been shown to be reliable.

Only tests designed to measure social or practical intelligence are permissible.

There is controversy over the use of IQ tests in hiring employees.

It is illegal to use mental ability tests to evaluate prospective employees.

most cases are near the edge of the distribution.

most cases are near the middle of the distribution.

cases are equally frequent across the entire distribution.

few cases are near the middle of the distribution.

50

400

200

100

often fail to make rational decisions because of peer pressure or social norms to the contrary

avoid rigorous thinking unless forced to because of the required effort

rarely realise they are acting irrationally in the moment

make choices using simple strategies that ignore many facets of the available options

Psychology is empirical.

Psychology is theoretically diverse.

Psychology evolves in a socio-historical context.

Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.

stop using the nail polish because the side effect serves as punishment.

stop biting their nails as a result of conditioned taste aversion.

continue to bite their nails because the negative side effects aren’t contingent on the behaviour.

continue to bite their nails because the habit outweighs the punishment.

negative reinforcement

classical conditioning

self-medication

positive reinforcement