Midlatitude cyclones have an eye and spiral rain bands and tropical cyclones do not

Midlatitude cyclones are non-frontal and are most active in the Summer and Autumn

Midlatitude cyclones have fronts and are most active in the Winter and Spring

Midlatitude cyclones form in the tropics and have fronts and tropical cyclones do not

9 km

16 km

3.7 km

Relative humidity

Temperature

Wind speed

9 km

3.7 km

16 km

Warmer temperatures under climate change contribute to higher rainfall, which causes more vegetation growth

Warmer temperatures under climate change contribute to more thunderstorms, which trigger bush fires through lightning strikes

Warmer temperatures under climate change contribute to greater drying out of soils, which contributes to higher vegetation mortality to fuel bush fires

The moisture increased from the combustion of cellulose, and the resulting increase in dew-point temperature increased the level of neutral buoyancy to 16 km so that a pyro-cumulonimbus could form

The vertical winds increased because of the heating, which lifted air parcels along with ash and coals through the negatively buoyant layer between 4000 and 6000 m so the air could then freely rise to 16 km forming a pyro-cumulonimbus

The moisture increased from the combustion of cellulose, and the resulting increase in dew-point temperature removed the negatively buoyant layer between 4000 and 6000 m so that air could freely rise from the surface to 16 km forming a pyro-cumulonimbus

Northeasterly before and southeasterly after

Southeasterly before and northeasterly after

Southwesterly before and northwesterly after

Westerly before and southwesterly after

anticlockwise around an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere

clockwise around an anticyclone in the southern hemisphere

clockwise around a cyclone in the southern hemisphere

clockwise around a cyclone in the northern hemisphere

dew-point temperature

temperature

pressure

temperature, humidity, and earthquake magnitude

wind direction, sea level, and ice thickness

sea level, salinity, and density

temperature, pressure, and wind speed