the level of free convection

the level of neutral buoyancy

the lifting condensation level

cloud base

(i) the tilting stage, (ii) heavy rain and large hail stage, and (iii) the long-lived mature stage

(i) the developing stage, (ii) mature stage, and (iii) dissipating stage

(i) the high wind shear stage, (ii) tornado stage, and (iii) the dissipating stage

(i) the developing stage, (ii) rotating updraft stage, and (iii) the baseball-sized hail stage

anticlockwise around an anticyclone in the northern hemisphere

clockwise around a cyclone in the southern hemisphere

clockwise around an anticyclone in the southern hemisphere

clockwise around a cyclone in the northern hemisphere

thermosphere

ionosphere

stratosphere

troposphere

from a mountain glacier and spans 1 million years

from Antarctica and spans 800,000 years

from the Arctic and spans 200,000 years

It was higher in the last 400 kyr than it is now.

They are the same.

200 ppm

100 ppm

120 ppm

150 ppm

20 ppm

glacial period

interglacial period