Stephen visits a respiratory clinic to have his air flow rates measured via spirometry. Stephen’s results indicate that both his forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second are both lower than expected for his age and size. This indicates that Stephen has a/an:

Which of the following represents the total amount of exchangeable air?

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called the:

During a physical examination, Joe learns that his resting tidal volume is 500 ml; his average resting respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute; his total lung capacity is 6000 ml; and his anatomic dead space is 150 ml. Joe's resting alveolar ventilation is:

Which of the following would decrease lung compliance?

In the Week 4 Renal ‘Murder Mystery’, Professor Craig Harrison died of cerebral (osmotic) oedema (brain swelling) associated with hyponatremia (caused by a combination of SIADH, his diuretic being swapped for desmopressin and ecstasy, and drinking too much water). 

Explain:

1. Why is SIADH associated with hyponatremia?
2. Draw (and label) a diagram that illustrates why hyponatremia leads to brain swelling and upload it below as a pdf (hint – please show the body fluid compartment, intracellular and extracellular fluids). 
3. What could you have given Craig (intravenously) to save his life? Explain your choice.

[maximum 250 words]