CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS: conditions associated with altered renal regulation of total body water and sodium

The table below shows values for arterial blood pressure and urine osmolarity from four adults (Subjects A, B C and D). Based on these values, indicate which adult has: Aldosteronism, SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion), Addison’s disease or Central diabetes insipidus. 

For full marks, you must EXPLAIN how you used the provided data to make your decisions, including descriptions of the roles of ADH and Aldosterone in regulating total body water, sodium and mean arterial pressure and whether the values are ‘abnormal’. 

[maximum 300 words]

EFFECTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ON URINE FLOW RATES: 

What would happen to the urine flow rate if the subjects (in the Diuresis lab) who drank water were given intranasal desmopressin (i.e., a synthetic antidiuretic hormone) just after drinking the water? EXPLAIN why this occurs, including the effects of desmopressin in the renal tubular cells. 

Please note that intranasal administration enables the drug to rapidly enter the bloodstream via the nasal capillaries. 

[maximum 100 words]

DID POWERADE “HELP YOU TO RETAIN FLUID”?

Powerade (the isotonic saline drink in the Diuresis lab) advertising claims that it “helps you to retain fluid.”

EXPLAIN, using the statistical analysis of the class data, whether Powerade had a significant effect (or not) on the water diuresis. Indicate whether the statistical analysis of the class data supports the claim that Powerade “helps you to retain fluid”. In your answer, you must refer to the statistical analysis (including the P value, if this is significant, and the direction of change). 

Explore the research literature and find evidence (a primary scientific paper), for the effects of an isotonic solution on human urine output, relative to water. EXPLAIN, citing this research (and add the Reference at the bottom of your answer), the expected actions of an isotonic solution on a water diuresis. How could you modify the experimental procedures and/or measurements for this BMS2031 ‘Diuresis’ lab so that the body fluid effects of an isotonic solution are shown? 

[maximum 200 words]

DIURESIS LAB: WAS COFFEE A DIURETIC?

The caffeine in coffee is a diuretic (at high enough concentrations). Was the coffee we used in the BMS2031 lab strong enough to induce a diuretic effect?  

In order to answer this question, EXPLAIN, using the statistical analysis and graphing of the class data, whether coffee had a significant effect (or not) on the water diuresis (compare drinking coffee with drinking water).  

You must refer to the statistical analysis (including the relevant P value, if this is significant and the direction of change). 

[maximum 100 words]

Antidiuretic hormone:

Which of the following will cause an INCREASE in the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells?

In healthy kidneys:

Lucy has had a bout of gastroenteritis after ingesting pizza that has been left out in the open for a few days. She has been vomiting for the past three hours, and feels extremely dehydrated. What do we expect will occur to her?

Following a sustained decrease in mean arterial pressure: