Crowdly

relatively insensitive to dim light

sensitive to green light

sensitive to blue light

sensitive to red light

The cascade of reactions in phototransduction

Improves speed and efficiency but at the cost of reduction in control sites

Confers amplification to but detracts from speed in visual transduction

Confers speed and amplification properties to visual transduction

Amplifies and increases efficiency in visual transduction control at the expense of speed

Allows for control to be flexible and fast in transduction of light

Cyclic GMP plays a critical role in vision because:

it is needed to keep Na⁺ channels open in the outer segment of photoreceptors.

it is used to transmit information about light from photoreceptor cell to bipolar cell.

it is needed for the Na⁺/K⁺ pump in the photoreceptor inner segment to operate.

it is the pigment molecule that absorbs light energy in rods.

it is used to transmit information about light along the indirect pathway to retinal ganglion cells.

Light is focused by the

iris and lens

iris

lens

cornea

cornea and lens

For us, the intensity of a sound corresponds (imperfectly) to the perception of

Location

Amplification

Loudness

Pitch

Cyclical sounds

Stereocilia are linked as follows:

The short ones to the next taller ones, and those to the next taller ones and so forth

They are not connected as they need to move independently

Only those on inner hair cells are linked together, and in random order

Encircling protein rings to bind and allow them to move together

Only those on outer hair cells are linked together, and in random order

One way in which the middle ear can optimise delivery of sound energy to the cochlea is due to the fact that:

there are more hair cells near the cochlea base to which the middle ear is attached.

the area of the tympanum is equal to the area of the oval window.

the area of tympanum is greater than the area of the stapes footplate.

the tympanum acts like a lever.

the stapes is attached to the round window of the cochlea.

Transduction in the cochlea is similar to visual transduction in that they both

Is a direct consequence of binding of electromagnetic radiation to receptors

Results in activation of a G protein amplification system

Results in release of transmitter to nerve cells directly under the receptors

Results in cyclical variation in the RMP

Occur in specialized receptor cells

One of the middle ear bones, the stirrup, pushes directly against what part of the inner ear?

auditory nerve

basilar membrane

organ of corti

oval window

round window