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PHY2042 - Human physiology: Cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems - S2 2025
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During the run, Justin will have increased blood levels of a hormone that is associated with the autonomic nervous system. What is this hormone and where does it come from? What are the main actions of this hormone on the heart?
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During exercise the autonomic nervous system plays an important part in increasing the stroke volume of the heart. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is involved in increasing stroke volume?
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What other mechanisms could act to increase the return of blood to the heart (venous return) during exercise?
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The sympathetic nervous system is able to act to increase the end-diastolic volume of the heart. How is it able to do so?
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The sympathetic nervous system also increases the stroke volume of the heart during exercise by increasing the contractility of the heart. What is meant by the term contractility, and how does the sympathetic nervous system increase the heart's contractility?
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When the end-diastolic volume increases in a normal heart the stroke volume also increases. Briefly describe why this occurs.
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The race is about to start at any moment and Justin is standing at the starting line. Although he hasn't yet started to run his heart rate has gone up to 75 beats/min. Suggest why this has happened.
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Now, well into the run, Justin's stroke volume will be considerably larger than it was at rest (compare your responses in questions 4 and 10). During exercise cardiac output is increased by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume. What are the TWO main things that determine the stroke volume?
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Daniel has also gone on this run. At the start he tried to keep up with Justin but now, 20 minutes into the run he has fallen behind. How would you expect his heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output to compare with Justin's at this point? (i.e., For each one, would you expect it to be higher or lower.
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