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PHY2042 - Human physiology: Cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems - S2 2025

PHY2042 - Human physiology: Cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems - S2 2025

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If the clearance of the substances X, Y and inulin (C_X, C_Y and C_IN) are such that C_X > C_IN > C_Y, then

Inulin was excreted at a slower rate than Y and a faster rate than X

Y was secreted and X was reabsorbed

X was secreted and Y was reabsorbed

More Y was excreted per minute than was filtered per minute

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The renin-angiotensin cascade plays an important role in the regulation of sodium excretion. In this regard which one of the following is TRUE?

Angiotensin II is an inactive breakdown product of renin.

Renin increases proximal tubular sodium reabsorption.

Renin is the enzyme directly responsible for the formation of angiotensin I.

100%

Angiotensin II is a peptide hormone that promotes sodium excretion.

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Which of the following is the major anion found in the extracellular fluid?

Sulfate

Calcium

Sodium

Chloride

Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to drinking a large load of water?

little or no change in solute excretion

❌

reduced ECF osmolarity

❌

reduced secretion of anti-diuretic hormone

❌

increased firing of hypothalamic osmoreceptors

✅

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Which of the following does not normally appear in the glomerular filtrate?

Plasma protein

Urea

Sodium

Glucose

Plasma creatinine levels increase in renal disease because

glomerular filtration rate is reduced.

urine volume is increased.

tubular reabsorption of creatinine is increased.

tubular secretion of creatinine is increased.

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Destruction of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus will produce which one of the following changes in urinary volume and concentration?

Increased urinary volume and very dilute urine.

Decreased urinary volume and very dilute urine.

Decreased urinary volume and very concentrated urine.

Increased urinary volume and concentrated urine.

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When the glomerular filtrate reaches the distal tubule:

more water than sodium has been reabsorbed.

❌

more sodium than water has been reabsorbed.

❌

Both (a) and (b) are correct.

✅