Glossopharyngeal nerve function is mostly sensory; the phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm

Vagal function is mostly sensory: the phrenic nerve controls the intercostal muscles

Spinal segmental nerves control the diaphragm; the phrenic nerve also controls the diaphragm

The glossopharyngeal nerve controls the intercostal muscles; the phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm

Partial pressure of oxygen in the venous blood.

Partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood.

Hydrogen ion concentration in the surrounding fluids

Hemoglobin oxygen saturation.

produces plasma proteins including albumin

regulates water and electrolyte volume and osmolarity

regulates pH balance

produces hormones including erythropoietin

decrease their rate of firing when the arterial pressure drops.

are stimulated by sympathetic nerves and inhibited by parasympathetic nerves.

send impulses directly to the sino-atrial node and ventricular cardiac muscle cells.

are under the direct control of the medullary cardiovascular centre.

a loss of baroreceptor function and short term reflex control of blood pressure.

damage to the kidneys

all of the above.

a widening of the arteries to cope with the higher blood flow resulting from the hypertension.

It dilates the veins to increase the return of venous blood to the heart

It acts to increase heart rate

It acts to constrict the blood vessels in exercising muscle to conserve cardiac output

It acts to increase cardiac contractility

Contains thin respiratory membranes for gas exchange.

Contains type-I cells, which facilitate gas exchange.

Consists of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

Represents anatomical space with no gas exchange.

an improved oxygen carrying capacity of the coronary blood.

a reduction in the capacity of the heart to increase cardiac output.

chest pain during periods of moderate exertion.

irregularities of the heart beat.

sends output signals directly to the baroreceptors to control their rate of firing.

can be subdivided into a cardiac centre and a vasomotor centre.

receives most of its sensory input from parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves innervating the heart and blood vessels.

is located in the hypothalamus.

will fall if both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance decrease.

decreases when there is an increase in parasympathetic nerve activity to the arterioles.

can be calculated by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume.

is higher in small arteries than in the large arteries because the small arteries have a narrower diameter.