Baroreceptors will detect a drop in blood pressure and action potential frequency in the sensory nerves will be reduced

Sympathetic activation of the peripheral blood vessels will cause vasoconstriction

Adrenaline will be released from the adrenal glands

Parasympathetics efferent nerves will be activated to slow heart rate and thus loss of blood

Intra-pleural pressure becomes more negative during expiration. 

During inspiration the alveolar pressure becomes negative which causes the flow of air into the lung.

During expiration the alveolar pressure does not change.

At the end of inspiration the alveolar pressure is negative and therefore the flow of air into the lung stops.

Each alveolus is about 0.3 millimeter and the thickness of the blood-gas interface could be as small as 0.5 micrometer.

In emphysema, the alveolar walls are destroyed which lead to an impaired gas exchange between air and blood.

Surfactant is produced and secreted by macrophage cells in the alveolar wall.

No gas exchange occurs in conducting airways.

kills almost as many people in Australia as breast cancer and prostate cancer combined

is far more prevalent in women than in men.

is characterised by a thinning of the walls of the coronary arteries.

can lead to an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand in the heart.

an increase in stroke volume.

a decrease in the contractility of the heart.

constriction of arterioles.

relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of veins.

Abdominal muscles are involved in expiration and push abdominal contents up against diaphragm.

During inspiration the diaphragm moves upward and assists the external intercostal muscles.

During expiration the thoracic volume decreases.

Diaphragm is innervated by phrenic nerve and is the major inspiratory muscle at rest.

Peripheral resistance increases

Valves in the vein walls are opened through activation of the sympathetic nervous system

The filling of the lungs with air pushes blood towards the heart

Contraction of skeletal muscles causes a squeezing of the veins in the muscles, pushing blood towards the heart

an increase in the likelihood of him suffering a stroke.

an increase in the size of his heart.

an increase in the lumen diameter of his arteries to cope with the higher blood flow resulting from the hypertension.

increased damage to the walls of his blood vessels.

Are stimulated by sympathetic nerves and inhibited by parasympathetic nerves.

Increase their rate of firing when the arterial pressure drops.

Are situated in the aortic arch and carotid sinus.

Are part of the efferent subdivision of the autonomic nervous system.