Crowdly

Each of the following substances is initially present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney. Which one is NOT normally present in urine?

chloride ions

sodium ions

glucose

potassium ions

In the presence of aldosterone, most of the reabsorption of Na⁺ occurs in the

macula densa

collecting ducts

proximal tubule

descending limb of the loop of Henle

An increase in which one of the following will decrease sodium reabsorption by the renal tubules?

Blood volume.

Plasma levels of aldosterone.

Renal sympathetic nerve stimulation.

Plasma levels of angiotensin II.

At plasma glucose concentrations higher than the transport maximum for glucose transport (Tm)

The clearance of glucose is zero

The excretion rate of glucose equals the filtration rate of glucose

The excretion rate of glucose increases with increasing plasma glucose concentrations

The reabsorption rate of glucose equals the filtration rate of glucose

The glomerular filtration barrier is composed of all of the following EXCEPT:

large, negatively charged molecules within the basement membrane

macula densa

podocytes

the fenestrated capillary endothelium

Intracellular (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) have similarities and dissimilarities. Which of the following statements is correct:

ECF represents 60% of total body fluid and chloride is the major anion

The major cation in ICF is potassium and in ECF it is sodium

The osmolarity of ECF is greater than ICF due to the presence of plasma proteins

ICF represents 60% of total body fluid and chloride is the major anion

Which of the following is NOT a step involved in the tubular reabsorption of a substance?

through the interstitial fluid

across the luminal membrane of the tubular cell

across the glomerular capillary wall

across the basolateral membrane of the tubular cell

Atrial natriuretic peptide

stimulates aldosterone production.

increases Na⁺ excretion.

decreases the glomerular filtration rate.

stimulates renin release.

Under normal conditions, which ONE of the following factors opposes glomerular filtration?

Fluid pressure in the Bowmans capsule

Osmotic pressure in the Bowmans capsule

Osmotic pressure of the filtrate

Glomerular capillary blood pressure