Crowdly

Visit https://radiopaedia.org/cases/normal-ct-chest?lang=gb

Scrolling through these sets of images, determine what the labelled structures below correspond to:

Image failed to load

Image failed to load: image 2

Visit https://radiopaedia.org/cases/normal-ct-chest?lang=gb

Scrolling through these sets of images, determine what the labelled structures below correspond to:

Choose all structures that enter and/or leave at the hilum, from the root of the lung: (2 marks - this does not necessarily mean that there are only 2 answers)

*Select one or more options:

pulmonary veins

azygous vein

lymphatics

tertiary bronchi

trachea

primary (or secondary) bronchi

bronchial arteries

conducting bronchioles

nerves

pulmonary arteries

brachiocephalic arteries

A newborn baby, born at term, develops breathing difficulties shortly after birth. The following chest Xray is taken after stabilisation:

Image failed to load: paed 2

Fetal development of which original structure has been abnormal leading to this presentation?

Stomach

Trachea

Right hemi-diaphragm

Left hemi-diaphragm

Heart

Oseophagus

Lumbar vertebrae

Left lung

Right lung

Thoracic vertebrae

Jejunum and ileum

Match the lung developmental stage with its related description.

Secondary septation occurs along with expansion of airspaces

The lungs begin to bud from the foregut endoderm

Respiratory bronchioles are formed

Bronchial and bronchiolar trees are formed

Week 24 to birth

Image failed to load: lung

The blood-air barrier:

Consists of bronchial capillaries, basal laminas and type 1 alveolar cells

Occurs at the terminal bronchiolar epithelium

Consists of pulmonary vessels and type II alveolar epithelial cells

Consists of pulmonary capillary endothelium, fused basal laminas and type 1 alveolar cells

Occurs at the visceral pleura only, which is the deepest part of the conducting airway

From which germ layer are the pleura derived?

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

None of the above

Endoderm

Smoking essentially caused this hole in Pedro’s visceral pleura.

Given what you know about the histology of connective tissue in the lung, what are the possible consequences attributed to Pedro's smoking (causing visceral pleura damage)?

Choose most correct option.

Storage of potent carcinogens in cells, particularly macrophages

Decreased turnover of the extracellular matrix

Recruitment of additional tissue macrophages

All of the above

Degradation of elastic fibres

Pedro is back to normal. Upon being sprung by his supervisor in the Uni bar instead of the lab, Pedro accidentally aspirated the macadamia nut he was putting into his mouth at the time.

It is likely that this macadamia would enter his:

Left primary bronchus

Left segmental bronchus

Right primary bronchus

Conducting bronchiole

Right segmental bronchus