Pedro is back to normal. Upon being sprung by his supervisor in the Uni bar instead of the lab, Pedro accidentally aspirated the macadamia nut he was putting into his mouth at the time.

It is likely that this macadamia would enter his:

What are the 2 layers of pleura called?

Which of the following structures gives rise to smooth muscle tissue within the body cavities?

In the pig trotter dissection, we could follow a tendon and ligament and see its origin and insertion, at least in part.

The elbow also has ligaments and tendons. See if you can match the label with its description. There may be different labels with similar descriptors.  

Label 'A' on this radiograph is: (1 mark)

Label 3 on the radiograph below is the

Atria & Auricles

The atria have out-pouches called auricles (= 'ears'). These are visible mostly from the anterior view of the heart. Internally, the auricles of the atria contain mostly pectinate muscle.

On this image above which labels indicate the right and left auricles of the atria? Select 2 options

A newborn baby, born at term, develops breathing difficulties shortly after birth. The following chest Xray is taken after stabilisation:

Fetal development of which structure has been abnormal?

THE DIAPHRAGM

The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in the process of inspiration, or inhalation. It is a dome-shaped sheet of muscle (and connective tissue) that is inserted into the lower ribs. Lying at the base of the thorax (chest), it separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm can clearly be seen separating the two cavities (label 16) in the image below. It is a thin, skeletal muscle that can contract voluntarily. 

During inhalation the diaphragm contracts & flattens, increasing the space for the lungs to fill with air. During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes and its dome shape increases, decreasing the thoracic volume and thereby assisting the lungs to empty.

There are structures that traverse the diaphragm (seen in image below as a superior view).

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These are seen below as:

• aorta (label 4)
• oesophagus (label 3)
• Inferior vena cava (label 10)

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See anterior view of the abdomen below: The oesophagus (label 7) and aorta (label 25) can be seen going through the diaphragm. The vena cava is seen on the right side as a hole in the diaphragm (label 10).

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Additional resources:

1. Watch the The Diaphragm gross-anatomy video in Acland's Anatomy

Navigate to Trunk > MSK structures of the Trunk > 3.2.6 Diaphragm (4:14min)

For access you need to be logged in to the library: go to https://guides.lib.monash.edu/mnhs/anatomy_resources then click on Aclands video atlas then type in "diaphragm" to the search bar (the video is the top result).

Checklist to consider:

1. Note the central tendon of the diaphragm
2. Observe the location of the 3 main holes in the diaphragm - the aortic opening, the eosophageal hiatus and vena caval foramen

You do NOT have to learn about the diaphragmatic attachments, muscles or crura.

The structures traversing the diaphragm include:

Which option is correct?