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BMS3031 - Molecular mechanisms of disease - S1 2026
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In the graph below each symbol represents a distinct district or borough. What does the data in the figure above indicate?
What does the graph below indicate about nephron number and birth weight?
In the graph above P = protein, C = carbohydrates and F = fat. This data comes from a study on rats that were subjected to fetal growth restriction.
Pregnant mice were fed one of the two diets, indicated in the diagram above, and the nephron number in the kidneys of their offspring was determined. What can we conclude about the impact of the maternal diet on the nephron number of the rat offspring?
In the graph below each symbol represents a distinct district or borough. What does the data in the figure above indicate?
Advances in renal imaging have raised the possibility that nephron number in the human kidney could be accurately determined non‑invasively during life. Nephron endowment is established before birth and inter‑individual variation is thought to influence susceptibility to renal disease later in life. Reduced nephron number has been associated with compensatory hyperfiltration, increased glomerular pressure, and progressive nephron loss over time.
What would be the most significant clinical impact of being able to determine nephron number in a living individual?
Biopsies from affected tissues in autoimmune disease reveal dense infiltrates of activated CD4⁺ helper T cells and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells producing inflammatory cytokines such as IFN‑γ and TNF. No infectious organisms are detected, and host cells display self-antigens.
Which explanation BEST accounts for how these T
cells contribute to disease progression?
Biopsies from inflamed tissues in patients with an autoimmune disorder reveal large numbers of infiltrating CD4⁺ helper T cells and CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells. These cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF and are observed in close proximity to damaged host cells expressing self-antigens. Further analysis shows no evidence of ongoing infection within the affected tissue.
Which explanation BEST accounts for the
contribution of these T cells to disease progression?
The pathogenesis of antibody‑mediated autoimmune disease involves a combination of immune tolerance defects and external influences. While loss of central or peripheral tolerance is necessary for autoimmunity to occur, population studies suggest that no single immune checkpoint failure fully explains disease onset in most patients.
Which of the following is most commonly
associated with the initiation of antibody‑mediated autoimmune disease?
Autoantibody production reflects a breakdown of immune self‑regulation, but the underlying cause varies among individuals. Studies of patients with systemic autoimmune diseases reveal that multiple immune abnormalities may be present, yet one factor is most consistently associated with disease susceptibility.
Which factor is most frequently identified as
the primary driver behind the development of antibody‑mediated autoimmune disease?
Genome-wide association studies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus identify variants in genes regulating interferon responses, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation thresholds. Many of these variants influence immune signalling rather than directly damaging tissues.
Which interpretation BEST explains how these
findings inform our understanding of SLE pathogenesis?