A pair of action potentials

A single action potential

A series of closely spaced action potentials

An elongated action potential

Small fluctuations in Ca2+ has large effects on muscle tension

Disruptions to the Na+/K+ pump alters the membrane potential which reduces propagation of action potentials.

High frequency fatigue is caused from long duration, moderate intensity exercise

Recovery takes hours to days

Is an endergonic reaction

Involves both exergonic and exothermic reactions

Is an exothermic reaction

Is an exergonic reaction

Satellite cells remain inactive and do not contribute to muscle repair

Satellite cells are primarily involved in the breakdown of muscle proteins during exercise.

Satellite cells are activated by muscle damage and help in regenerating muscle tissue.

Satellite cells are responsible for supplying oxygen to muscles during exercise.

It can only utilise carbohydrates and amino acids

It can proceed without oxygen

It can only utilise fats and proteins

It can utilise carbohydrates, fats and proteins

They are found with the t-tubules

They are muscle stem cells

They are activated by macrophages

They are functional units of muscle

During 60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, an endurance trained athlete will have higher fat oxidation for the same workload than a non-trained healthy person for the same absolute workload

During 60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, an endurance trained athlete will produce more lactate than a non-trained healthy person for the same absolute workload

During 60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, an endurance trained athlete will have a higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER) than a non-trained healthy person for the same absolute workload

During 60 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, an endurance trained athlete will use more muscle glycogen than a non-trained healthy person for the same absolute workload

Myofibril

Thick filaments

Thin filaments

Sarcomere

Reducing the activation energy

Increasing the activation energy

Breaking down the substrate

Decreasing the pH

As muscle fatigue increases, EMG signal frequency increases while hand grip strength decreases, indicating higher muscle activation at lower frequencies.

During muscle fatigue, EMG signal frequency increases and hand grip strength remains unchanged, indicating consistent muscle activation levels.

With increasing muscle fatigue, EMG signal frequency decreases, and hand grip strength also decreases, reflecting reduced muscle activation and recruitment.

Muscle fatigue causes EMG signal frequency to remain stable, while hand grip strength increases, suggesting improved efficiency in muscle activation.