A digital multimeter (DMM) is used as a voltmeter to measure the potential difference of between two terminals of a device under test (DUT). The measurement is performed at a location with a temperature of .

The dc voltmeter has a display of 3.75 digits and operates within voltage ranges of 400 mV, 4 V, and 40 V. The remaining specifications are shown below.

Determine the absolute value of the reading uncertainty.

In the following circuit the thermistor NTC has at and .

The digital voltmeter (DVM), measuring the output , indicates . Obtain the temperature at the thermistor in °C.

The temperature of an industrial boiler is monitorized by means of a J-type thermocouple with a hot-junction temperature and a cold-junction temperature of .

Under the present conditions, assuming an ideal operational amplifier, obtain the output voltage of the circuit () in which and .

The Schering bridge shown in the figure is used to characterize a capacitor modeled by its value and equivalent series resistance .

Assuming bridge equilibrium conditions, and . The standard fixed-value components are and .

Determine the equivalent series resistance value .

The universal digital counter, with the simplified diagram representation shown below, is operating as a frequency meter. The oscilator frequency is and the decade divider provides the time-base selection of frequency signals , .

Assuming an input signal with frequency , what is the number of pulses obtained by the decade counter when the most adequate time base has been chosen?

Consider the following digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which uses a 3-bit word () to control which of the switches turns on (’1’ means closed) while all the others are kept turned off (’0’ means opened). For this end, it uses a decoder that converts each input to a 8-bit word () by means of one-hot encoding (only a single bit is ’1’).

Assuming the reference voltage , what is the analog output voltage for a binary input 101.

The following circuit represents a flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

Consider , , and all components ideal.

Obtain the digital value in (in binary) when the input () is a voltage of .

An analog signal has digitized by a perfect uniform bipolar analog-to-digital converter (ADC), as shown in figure, achieving the full scale, .

Calculate the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the quantization noise.

Consider a square-waveform signal with zero mean value, as shown in the figure, where its root-mean square (RMS) value is .

Consider that, in a second phase, a half-wave (ideal) rectification is performed with as input, obtaining the signal shown in the figure.

Finally, the continuous component (dc) of is removed, obtaining the signal .

Determine , i.e. the RMS value of .

The spectral components (magnitude) of two signals is shown below.

In the circuit obtain V_x assuming that the RMS value of the current in the resistor is 1.5 mA.