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Ossification of the long bones

involves the penetration of vascular buds with osteogenic cells into the cartilage.

usually takes place on the basis of a cartilaginous model.

gives rise to permanent Haversian systems (osteons) upon completion.

contains a zone where chondrocytes first hypertrophy and then degrade.

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is involved in bone degradation.

is derived from the mesenchyme.

is involved in secondary ossification.

has an eosinophilic cytoplasm.

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Ossification of long bones preserves the hyaline cartilage

as epiphyseal (growth) cartilage.

in the medullary (marrow) cavity within the diaphysis.

as articular cartilage.

subperiosteal to the collar of the bone.

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Bone is a specialized connective tissue containing cells

osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation.

osteocytes, whose numerous processes penetrate microscopic channels.

osteoclasts, which are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue.

odontoblasts, which produce bone matrix.

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The epiphyseal growth cartilage has the following zones:

hypertrofic zone.

proliferation zone.

calcification zone.

ossification zone.

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Osteon (Haversian system)

contains a central canal surrounded by laminae.

contains blood vessels, nerves, and endosteum.

is a permanent structure after its formation, which is not subject to further remodelling.

is lined with periosteum.

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covers the outer surface of the epiphyses of long bones as cortical layer.

makes up the majority of the bone mass of the human skeleton.

consists of bone rafts between which are cavities filled with bone spicules.

forms the diaphysis of the long bones.

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Bone matrix contains

amorphous ground substance with glycosaminoglycans.

calcium phosphate.

type I collagen.

crystals (microscopic prisms) of hydroxyapatite.

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Bone degradation and new bone formation (remodelling)

depends on the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

takes place on the skull of the newborn at the fontanelle.

occurs more slowly in adulthood than in childhood.

is no longer possible after the end of physical growth.

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Primary (woven) bone

occurs in the fetal skeleton.

persists in adults in the protuberances at the origins/insertions of large tendons.

is temporary, in adults it is mostly replaced by secondary bone.

has collagen fibres arranged in lamellae.

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