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An investigator is conducting a study to document the histological changes in the respiratory passages of a chronic smoker. He obtains multiple biopsy samples from the respiratory system of a previously healthy 25-year-old man. Histological examination of one sample shows simple cuboidal cells with club cells and with a surrounding layer of smooth muscle. Chondrocytes and goblet cells are absent. This specimen was most likely obtained from which of the following parts of the respiratory system?
A 36-year-old man presents with abdominal pain and gastroesophageal reflux (connected with heartburn). An endoscopic exam reveals gastric ulcers. A serum analysis reveals increased levels of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid from the parietal cells of gastric glands. Which of the following cell types is the source of the hormone?
A 9-year-old girl comes to the dentist with her mother. A large swelling, even a cyst, is forming under her tongue. It is a so-called ranula, which is a retention cyst of the sublingual gland, formed by obliteration (closure) of the duct, probably as a result of a previous infection. The outflow of the saliva produced is impossible. The stagnant saliva dilates the ducts, forming a secretion-filled cyst. The treatment here is extirpation (surgical removal). Which characteristic describes the closed main duct of the salivary gland here?
A 38-year-old patient presents with a painful swelling of the submandibular gland on the left side. Especially during meals, the gland is painful and produces a large amount of saliva. During this, small stones are released from the duct. The cause of his difficulties is the so-called sialolithiasis, i. e. the formation of salivary stones. The most common cause is a change in the composition of saliva. The viscosity of saliva increases, and a mucoprotein matrix is formed, into which inorganic material (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus salts) is subsequently deposited and a stone is formed. Which parts of the submandibular gland are involved in the production and composition of saliva?
A 69-year-old alcoholic presents to a GP for a range of complaints including dyspepsia (feeling full after eating, poor digestion), fatigue, weakness, exhaustion, lack of appetite, weight loss, abdominal distension, swelling, arthralgia, and spinal pain. Even a physical examination revealing hepatomegaly (enlarged liver), spider angioma, and ascites (presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity) suggests that the patient is suffering from cirrhosis. This is confirmed by laboratory, sonography, and biopsy. Liver cirrhosis is the remodelling of the lobular structure of the liver into a nodular structure due to the disappearance of hepatocytes, replacement by connective tissue and nodule formation as a result of chronic liver disease. Ito cells play an important role in this remodelling process. Where would we find most of these cells?
A 44-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of persistent cough with yellow mucus and worsening shortness of breath. One year ago, he had similar symptoms that lasted 4 months. He has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. Goblet cells and glands typical for the respiratory tract are involved in the production of mucus. What type of glands do we find here? (See figure)
A 42-year-old patient comes to his dentist for a regular check-up. The patient suffers from periodontitis for a long time, which is an inflammatory disease of the supporting apparatus of the teeth, which consists of the gums, periodontal ligaments, cementum, and the alveolar process of the bone. The cause is the activity of microorganisms, their multiplication promotes dental plaque and tartar. Periodontal ligaments made of dense connective tissue fix the tooth to the gum or alveolus. Their quality can be significantly impaired even by the lack of one vitamin. Which one?
During the stay in the maternity hospital, the newborn has a problem. The meconium does not pass (meconium is the first content of the intestine to be passed during the first 1-2 days). After examination, the so-called Hirschsprung disease is proven. This disease is caused by abnormal innervation of the intestine, affecting the internal anal sphincter and various lengths of adjacent colon. Both the plexus submucosus Meissneri are absent in the affected section of bowel. The aganglionic section is permanently contracted (lacking inhibitory neurons) and causes functional obstruction. The healthy intestine above it dilates and hypertrophies to form megacolons. Where would we locate the plexus myentericus within the wall?
During a preventive dental check-up, 35-year-old man is found to have tooth decay between his first and second molars. As the decay has already penetrated the enamel and reached the dentin, new dentin begins to form in response to this local irritation. What type of dentin is produced?
A 9-year-old girl comes to the dentist with her mother. A large swelling, even a cyst, is forming under her tongue. It is a so-called ranula, which is a retention cyst of the sublingual gland, formed by obliteration (closure) of the duct, probably as a result of a previous infection. The outflow of the saliva produced is impossible. The stagnant saliva dilates the ducts, forming a secretion-filled cyst. The treatment here is extirpation (surgical removal). Which characteristic describes the closed main duct of the salivary gland here?