A 22-year-old patient

presents for a colonoscopy to confirm a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or

ulcerative colitis. He has been suffering from crampy abdominal pain with

watery diarrhea with admixture of blood and mucus for several weeks. During the

endoscopy, a typical picture of mucosal damage by these autoimmune

inflammations is described and a biopsy is taken for histological examination,

which finally establishes the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative

colitis is a rare autoimmune type of

A 59-year-old

lifelong alcoholic man presents with fever and abdominal pain that radiates to

his back. A physical exam reveals that his abdomen is tender in the midline

between the bottom of his ribs and his umbilicus. Blood tests reveal elevated

levels of pancreatic enzymes, and ultrasound suggests inflammation of the

pancreas or pancreatitis. The elevated pancreatic enzymes are from which of the

following cell types?

An investigator is studying the clearance of respiratory particles in

healthy non-smokers. An aerosol

containing radio-labeled particles that are small enough to reach the

alveoli is administered to the subjects via a special mask. A

gamma scanner is then used to evaluate the rate of particle clearance from the

lungs. The primary mechanism of particle clearance most likely involves which

of the following cell types?

An investigator

studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 10 μm sized particles to a healthy subject via

a special mask. These particles are found to deposit

on the surface of the respiratory tract with a pseudostratified epithelium.

Which of the following mechanism is the most likely way of clearance of the

particulate matter in this subject?

A 3-year-old girl is brought

to the emergency at night. It all started just a few hours ago when she

complained about a beginning sore throat. Unfortunately, the pain has increased

significantly to the point that the girl is unable to speak or swallow due to

the pain. She sits in a forward position, is very pale, finds it difficult to

breathe and has a high fever. Already according to the clinical picture, the

cause is clear to the doctor. High inflammatory parameters and gentle physical

examination confirm the diagnosis of acute epiglottitis, a life-threatening

swelling and inflammation of the epiglottis caused by

A 9-year-old girl comes to the dentist with her

mother. A large swelling, even a cyst, is forming under her tongue. It is a

so-called ranula, which is a retention cyst of the sublingual gland, formed by

obliteration (closure) of the duct, probably as a result of a previous

infection. The outflow of the saliva produced is impossible. The stagnant

saliva dilates the ducts, forming a secretion-filled cyst. The treatment here

is extirpation (surgical removal). Which characteristic describes the closed

main duct of the salivary gland here?

A 44-year-old man comes to the

physician because of a 6-month history of persistent cough with

yellow mucus and worsening shortness of breath. One year ago, he

had similar symptoms that lasted 4 months. He has smoked two

packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. 

A 46-year-old female patient

is found to be anemic during a preventive taking of blood. Despite a healthy

and varied diet, which the patient claims to follow, other findings in her

blood count, such as the presence of large erythrocytes (megalocytes) and low

levels of vitamin B12, make it look like anemia based on a deficiency of this

very important vitamin. Therefore, if the patient is taking enough of it in her

diet, the problem is likely to be in its absorption in the digestive system. In

order for this vitamin to be absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood,

it must be bound to an intrinsic factor in the stomach. Indeed, antibodies to

intrinsic factor have been demonstrated in this patient. Which cells of the

gastric glands produce this factor?

A 38-year-old patient

presents with a painful swelling of the submandibular gland on the left side.

Especially during meals, the gland is painful and produces a large amount of

saliva. During this, small stones are released from the duct. The cause of his

difficulties is the so-called sialolithiasis, i. e. the formation of salivary

stones. The most common cause is a change in the composition of saliva. The

viscosity of saliva increases, and a mucoprotein matrix is ​​formed, into which

inorganic material (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus salts) is subsequently

deposited and a stone is formed. Which parts of the submandibular gland are

involved in the production and composition of saliva?

A 63-year-old man comes to the physician for

a follow-up evaluation of chronic, retrosternal chest pain. The pain

is worse at night and after heavy meals. He has taken medicines to reduce the

production of stomach acids for several months without any relief from his symptoms.

An upper endoscopy shows changes in the