A 63-year-old female patient comes to the Department

of Ophthalmology. Recently, she has been experiencing a significant

deterioration in her vision. Particularly with increased fatigue or in poor

light, she feels as if she is looking through foggy or dirty glass. In her

right eye, her vision is almost normal, but in her left eye she has this

sensation almost all the time. The cause of her difficulty is incipient

cataracts. In cataracts, vision is impaired due to clouding of the lens.

Chemical changes occur in the proteins that make up the lens, where the

otherwise transparent lens tissue begins to become opaque -

"clouding" - which appears on the outside as a whitening or greying

of the space behind the pupil. What are these lens cytoskeletal proteins

called?

A 2-day-old premature

newborn develops a severe form of neonatal jaundice, which unfortunately has a

serious complication, the so-called kernicterus. It is essentially damage of

the brain nuclei, especially the basal ganglia, by a high concentration of a

compound known as unconjugated bilirubin, which causes the aforementioned

jaundice. This condition is caused by the immaturity of the blood-brain

barrier, which is not yet able to fulfill its function as a barrier, and

bilirubin reaches the nervous tissue through it. In older children and adults,

this condition no longer occurs thanks to a mature and functional blood-brain

barrier. What parts make up this barrier?

An 8-year-old boy is

brought by his mother to the emergency. While playing with his younger sibling,

his brother hits him in the face with a toy. Unfortunately, in addition to

scraping his skin, he also hit him in the eye. The boy is examined and

fortunately only the superficial corneal epithelium was scratched. The eye is

therefore closed and bandaged to remain closed for the next 1-2 days. The

superficial corneal epithelium has a great ability to rapid regenerate and

during this time it will recover. What kind of epithelium is it?

A 36-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because

of a 4-week history of worsening headache, nausea, and vomiting. The

headache is worse at night. A CT scan of the brain shows a mass of

tissue in the third ventricle. The patient undergoes surgical excision of this

structure. Pathologic examination of the surgical specimen confirms that

the tumor originates from special cells lining the ventricle. How are

these cells called?

A 47-year-old patient presents

to the emergency of Department of Ophthalmology. He sees iridescent circles

around lights, and his overall vision is impaired and blurry. He has a

headache. When looking at the affected eye, the conjunctiva is red. The pupil

is mydriatic (dilated) and elevated intraocular pressure is present during the

basic eye examination. This patient presents with one of the most acute

conditions in ophthalmology, namely, an acute attack of glaucoma. The

underlying mechanism of acute glaucoma attack is complete circular occlusion

(closure) of the iris-corneal outflow tract on the anterior surface of the

peripheral iris. Thus, there is accumulation of humour aqueous in the chambers

and intraocular pressure increases. Where the humour aqueous is produced in the

eye?

A

35-year-old woman comes to a neurologist because she is suspected of having

multiple sclerosis. Unfortunately, further examination will confirm this

diagnosis. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease affecting the central

nervous system. This disease leads to loss of myelin in inflammatory areas and

diffuse loss of axons. Which type of cell is responsible for the production of

myelin and in which part of the central nervous system is it produced?

A 35-year-old man presents with a spastic-type of

paralysis in the

right lower extremity, visual impairment in his right eye, and fatigue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirms areas of patchy demyelination in specific areas of the left cerebral hemisphere. The product of which of the following cells is specifically targeted in this condition?

Students examine each

other from blind slides. Based on this description, what slide could it be?

There is a thin type of skin on the surface. Tiny hair follicles, eccrine

glands, and small holocrine glands are present. A specialty is the presence of

large holocrine glands, which are not connected to any follicles and are

surrounded by a plate of dense connective tissue.

A 44-year-old man comes to the

physician because he is worried about a mole on his right forearm. He has had

the mole for several years, but it has grown in size in the past 3 months.

Physical examination shows a hyperpigmented plaque with irregular borders.

Histopathologic analysis of the mole confirms the diagnosis of malignant

melanoma. Invasion of which of the following skin layers is most dangerous for

the patient in view of the further possible spread of tumor cells?

A 78-year-old woman

with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for her annual

foot examination. Neurologic examination shows absent sensation to the

vibration of a standardized tuning

fork bilaterally. Sensation

to vibration is normal over the upper extremities. Which of the

following types of sensory receptors is most likely activated in the skin by

this examination?