A 38-year-old man presents with persistent bad breath. A physical exam reveals white, round spots on his palatine tonsils. Close examination reveals that these are hard structures embedded into the tonsil, so-called tonsil stones. They are calcified structures that develop through the accumulation of material, bacteria, and fungi. In which part of the tonsil does this material accumulate and can form stones?

In his new project, the researcher focuses on

the possible causes and factors involved in the development of stroke. In the

case of ischemic stroke, there is a lack of blood supply to a certain part of

the brain tissue, which dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. He is very

interested in one type of cells and its contribution to the development of this

condition. These are the cells that are part of the blood-brain barrier,

regulating blood flow through the capillaries, removing and phagocytizing dying

cells and regulating the permeability of this barrier. They are found around

the endothelium of the capillaries, even outside the nervous system, and

partially replace the tunica media, which is no longer present in the

capillaries. What are these cells called?

Insulinoma is a tumor of the pancreas that overproduces insulin. Which cells will produce insulin in this tumor?

The patient is referred for an

ultrasound examination of the right carotid artery after the examination

reveals a significant murmur in it. The murmur is not audible either in the

left carotid artery or in the heart; the ultrasound confirms that the murmur is

caused by a significant atherosclerotic plaque that has already narrowed the

right carotid artery significantly, causing turbulent blood flow in the

narrowed area and a murmur audible by phonendoscope. Atherosclerotic plaque is

formed by lipid deposition in the tunica intima and its further inflammatory

transformation. What layers does the tunica intima consist of in a healthy

person?

A 63-year-old female patient comes to the Department

of Ophthalmology. Recently, she has been experiencing a significant

deterioration in her vision. Particularly with increased fatigue or in poor

light, she feels as if she is looking through foggy or dirty glass. In her

right eye, her vision is almost normal, but in her left eye she has this

sensation almost all the time. The cause of her difficulty is incipient

cataracts. In cataracts, vision is impaired due to clouding of the lens.

Chemical changes occur in the proteins that make up the lens, where the

otherwise transparent lens tissue begins to become opaque -

"clouding" - which appears on the outside as a whitening or greying

of the space behind the pupil. What are these lens cytoskeletal proteins

called?

In a 4-year-old boy, thanks to the very good

work of his paediatrician, nanism, a small growth caused by insufficient

production of growth hormone, was detected. The boy has not grown enough, and

his face is small. The blood also shows a low level of growth hormone. The

cause may be not only pituitary disorders, but also insufficient or excessive

secretion of related liberins and statins in the hypothalamus. How do liberins

and statins get from the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A 59-year-old woman is undergoing valve replacement surgery. During this procedure, the malfunctioning valve is removed and replaced with either a mechanical valve or a tissue valve from an animal donor. If the removed valve was analyzed histologically, it would include which of the following?

A 47-year-old patient presents

to the emergency of Department of Ophthalmology. He sees iridescent circles

around lights, and his overall vision is impaired and blurry. He has a

headache. When looking at the affected eye, the conjunctiva is red. The pupil

is mydriatic (dilated) and elevated intraocular pressure is present during the

basic eye examination. This patient presents with one of the most acute

conditions in ophthalmology, namely, an acute attack of glaucoma. The

underlying mechanism of acute glaucoma attack is complete circular occlusion

(closure) of the iris-corneal outflow tract on the anterior surface of the

peripheral iris. Thus, there is accumulation of humour aqueous in the chambers

and intraocular pressure increases. Where the humour aqueous is produced in the

eye?