In an experimental study, malignant cells are noted to show delayed spread of some tissue elements surrounding them.

Which is the most likely tissue showing this delayed direct spread?

Which is the most likely functional unit of the kidney is?

A 5-year-old boy presents with fever, sore throat, and a vesicular rash on his hands and feet. His parents report that some children in his kindergarten had similar symptoms.

Which virus is the most likely cause of his condition?

You have a patient with a sluggish citric acid cycle. Which is the most likely cause for this condition?

13. A 45-year-old man has progressive difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and chronic heartburn. An endoscopy reveals a transformation of the lower esophageal epithelium from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Which is the most likely diagnosis?

In an experiment, a tissue culture preparation is subjected to oxidant stress. There are increased numbers of free radicals generated within this tissue cells.

Which specific enzyme, whose generation within these cells, is most likely to reduce the number of free radicals?

A 50 year old woman has low blood calcium level and vitamin D. Her physician advises her to take daily vitamin D supplements.

What is the single most likely value of the vitamin D in this condition?

A 40 year old man is drinking a lot of water over one hour. His urine output is markedly increased.

What is the most likely mechanism leading to this condition?

A 24 year old man participates in a renal physiology experiment. He is given inulin intravenously. After 4 hours, samples from his blood and urine are obtained, and the following measurements are recorded:

· Plasma inulin concentration: 0.5 mg/mL

· Urine inulin concentration: 60 mg/mL

· Urine flow rate: 1 mL/min

What is the patient’s GFR?

Adel is a 2-year-old boy brought to the primary health center by his mother. Adel is short for his age, has a bloated ’swollen’ belly and very thin arms and legs. In addition, he has sun burn-like skin lesions and lightly discolored hair. On being asked about his food, the mother states that Adel has recently been weened and that his present diet consists of sweetened drinks and rice with no milk included.

What is the single most probable diagnosis of Adel’s condition?